美国留学

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语（一）试题

第一节英语方向的使用：

阅读下面的文字。为每个编号的空白选择最佳单词，并在答题卡1 上标记A、B、C 或D。（10 分）

某些群体可能比其他群体更聪明的想法是那些不敢直言不讳的假设之一。但无论如何，格雷戈里·科克伦（Gregory Cochran）是第一个这么说的。他是那只鸟，一位在任何机构独立工作的科学家。他帮助普及了这样一种观点，即一些被认为不是由细菌引起的疾病实际上是感染，这一观点首次提出时引起了很大争议。

5 然而，他可能会因自己即将要做的事而颤抖6。他与另外两位科学家一起发表了一篇论文，该论文不仅7 表明人类中的某个群体比其他群体更聪明，而且还解释了导致这一现象的过程。这8人群体是来自中欧的一个特殊民族。这个过程就是自然选择。

这个群体普遍在智商测试中表现良好，9 12-15分高于10分的100分，并且为西方的智力和文化生活做出了贡献11，因为他们的12名精英，包括几位世界知名的科学家，13 。他们还比大多数人更容易罹患一些令人讨厌的遗传疾病，例如乳腺癌。这些事实14 以前被认为是无关的。前者已产生15个社会影响，如16个教育传统。后者被视为基因隔离的a(n) 17。 Cochran 博士认为，智力与疾病密切相关18 。他的论点是，这些人不寻常的历史使他们19 面临着独特的进化压力，从而导致了这20 人的状况。

1. [A] 选择[B] 准备[C] 有义务[D] 高兴

2. [A] 独特[B] 特殊[C] 特殊[D] 稀有

3. [B] 中的[A] 与[D] 中的[C] 相对

4. [A] 随后[B] 目前[C] 先前[D] 最近

5. [A] 仅仅[B] 所以[C] 甚至[D] 因此

6. [A] 思想[B] 视野[C] 成本[D] 风险

7. [A] 建议[B] 建议[C] 抗议[D] 反对

8. [A] 进展[B] 事实[C] 需要[D] 问题

9. [A] 达到[B] 得分[C] 达到[D] 计算

10. [A] 正常[B] 常见

[C] 平均值[D] 总计

11. [A] 不自觉地[B] 不成比例地

[C] 无限期[D] 无法解释

12. [A] 使命[B] 命运

[C] 兴趣[D] 职业

13. [A] 确认[B] 证人

[C] 观察[D] 批准

14. [A] 而且[B] 因此

[C] 然而[D] 同时

15. [A] 放弃[B] 克服

[C] 继续[D] 放下

16. [A] 评估[B] 监督

[C] 管理[D] 评估

17. [A]发展[B]起源

[C] 结果[D] 工具

18. [A] 链接[B] 集成

[C] 编织[D] 组合

19. [A] 有限[B] 受到

[C] 转换[D] 定向

20. [A] 矛盾[B] 不相容

[C] 不可避免[D] 持续

【翻译】

智力的进化（编辑补充）

智商的演变

某些人类群体的智商可能高于其他群体的想法仍然是不敢公开提出的假设之一。但格雷戈里·科克伦已准备好公开这一点。他是一个特立独行的人：一个不隶属于任何机构的科学家。他帮助普及了这样一种观点：一些以前被认为不是由细菌引起的疾病后来被证明是传染病。这个想法刚提出时，引起了很大的争议。

不过，即便是他这样的人，一想到自己即将要做的事情，也不免有些后怕。他与另外两位科学家一起发表了一篇论文，不仅表明一个人类群体比其他群体更聪明，而且还解释了导致这一结果的整个过程。本文讨论的族群是起源于中欧的特定民族，其过程是自然选择。

这个群体在智商测试中普遍表现良好，得分比平均100分高出12到15分，他们在西方学术和文化方面做出了巨大的贡献，是其中的精英。包括几位世界著名科学家的职业生涯，充分证明了这一点。与此同时，他们也比大多数人更有可能患上严重的遗传疾病，例如乳腺癌。然而，此前人们认为这些事实之间几乎没有内在联系。前者（高智商）归因于社会影响，例如对教育的高度重视，而后者（遗传病）则被视为基因隔离的结果。科克伦博士认为，高智商与疾病密切相关。他的论点是，这些民族不寻常的历史使他们面临独特的进化压力，从而导致了这种矛盾的状态。

第二节阅读理解A部分方向：

阅读下面四篇课文。选择A、B、C 或D 回答每篇课文下方的问题。在答题卡1 上标记您的答案。（40 分）

文本1 虽然在现代生活的某些领域，女性仍在追赶男性，但至少在一个不受欢迎的领域，女性似乎遥遥领先。 “与男性相比，女性因压力而特别容易患上抑郁症和焦虑症，”博士说。耶胡达，纽约退伍军人管理医院首席精神病学家。

对动物和人类的研究表明，性激素会以某种方式影响压力反应，导致处于压力下的女性比相同条件下的男性产生更多的触发化学物质。在几项研究中，当承受压力的雌性老鼠的卵巢（雌性生殖器官）被切除时，它们的化学反应变得与雄性相同。

除了女性体内的压力化学物质剂量增加之外，她承受压力的“机会”也增加了。 “女性不一定也无法应对。只是他们还有很多事情需要应对，”耶胡达博士说。 “她们承受压力的能力甚至可能比男性更强，”她观察到，“只是她们要处理的事情太多了，所以她们会更明显、更快地感到疲惫。”

耶胡达博士指出了两性之间的另一个差异。 “我认为女性接触到的事情往往是长期或重复的。男人参加战争并承受战斗压力。男性遭受更多随机身体暴力行为。妇女遭受的人际暴力往往发生在家庭环境中，不幸的是，这些暴力是由父母或其他家庭成员实施的，而且往往不是一次性的。这些长期关系带来的磨损可能是毁灭性的。”

艾德琳·阿尔瓦雷斯(Adeline Alvarez) 18 岁时结婚并生下了一个儿子，但她决心完成大学学业。 “我为获得大学学位付出了很大的努力。我生活在如此沮丧之中，这就是我的逃避，去上学，出人头地，做得更好。”后来，她的婚姻结束了，她成了单亲妈妈。“照顾一个十几岁的孩子是最困难的事情，有工作，付房租，付车费，还清债务。我靠薪水生活。”

并不是每个人都会经历阿尔瓦雷斯描述的那种严重的慢性压力。但如今，大多数女性都在应对大量义务，很少有休息时间，并且感到压力很大。阿尔瓦雷斯的经历证明了在压力威胁您的健康和工作能力之前找到缓解压力的方法的重要性。

21.根据前两段，下列哪项是正确的

[A] 从生物学角度来说，女性更容易受到压力的影响。

[B] 女性仍然承受着男性带来的很大压力。

[C] 女性在应对压力方面比男性更有经验。

[D] 男性和女性在面对压力时表现出不同的倾向。

22. Yehuda 博士的研究表明，女性

[A] 需要额外剂量的化学物质来应对压力。

[B] 承受压力的能力有限。

[C] 更有能力避免压力。

[D] 承受更大的压力。

23. 根据第4 段，女性面临的压力往往是

[A] 国内和临时。

[B] 不规则且暴力。

[C] 持久且频繁。

[D] 琐碎且随意。

24. 这句话“我靠薪水生活。” （第5 段）表明

[A] 阿尔瓦雷斯除了赚钱什么都不关心。

[B] 阿尔瓦雷斯的工资勉强够她的家庭开支。

[C] 阿尔瓦雷斯从不同的工作中获得薪水。

[D] 阿尔瓦雷斯几乎用支票支付了所有费用。

25. 下列哪一项是本文的最佳标题

[A] 压力： 没有出路

[B] 对压力的反应： 性别差异

[C] 应力分析： 化学品怎么说

[D] 性别不平等： 压力下的女性

【翻译】

性别不平等： 压力下的女性（编辑添加）

性别不平等：女性面临压力

尽管女性仍在现代生活的某些方面努力赶上男性，但令人遗憾的是，在一个不太好的方面，女性遥遥领先。纽约退伍军人管理局医院首席精神科医生耶胡达表示，“与男性相比，女性在承受压力时特别容易患上抑郁或焦虑症。”

对动物和人类的研究表明，性激素影响压力的方式是，在类似条件下，雌性比雄性在受到压力时会分泌更多的化学物质，这些化学物质会引发不良反应。几项研究表明，如果将同样承受极限压力的雌性大鼠的卵巢（雌性生殖器官）切除，它们的身体化学成分将与雄性大鼠相同。

加剧这一问题的是女性体内与压力相关的化学物质的产生增加：她们经历压力的“机会”增加。耶胡达博士说：“这并不一定是因为女性无法调节压力，而只是因为她们承受的压力太大。”耶胡达博士还表示：“女性甚至可能比男性更能承受压力，但正是因为发生了太多事情，她们才会更快、更明显地感到疲惫。”

耶胡达博士还注意到性别之间的另一个差异。 “我认为女性面临的事情通常是长期的、反复出现的。当男性参加战争并承受战斗压力时，更多的是意外的身体暴力。但女性遭受的暴力大多发生在家庭内部。不幸的是，这种暴力来自于父母或其他家庭成员，通常不止一次，这些长期关系中的摩擦可能会非常具有破坏性。”

艾德琳·阿尔瓦雷斯十八岁时结婚并育有一子，但她决心完成大学学业。 “我努力考取了大学文凭，生活过得并不如意，上学、进步、做得更好，成了我摆脱现实困难的出路。”后来，她离婚了，成为了单亲妈妈。 “照顾十几岁的孩子、找工作、交房租、付车费、还债务，这些都是最难的事情。为了生存，我必须不断赚钱。”

并不是每个人都像阿德琳·阿尔瓦雷斯一样承受着这种慢性、严重的压力。但如今大多数女性承担着很多责任，很少有时间放松，身心疲惫。阿尔瓦雷斯的经历说明了在压力影响您的健康和生活能力之前找到缓解压力的方法的重要性。

文本2过去是如此简单。在实验室一起工作的研究人员团队会将他们的研究结果提交给期刊。然后，期刊编辑会从论文中删除作者的姓名和隶属关系，并将其发送给同行进行审阅。根据收到的评论，编辑将接受或拒绝论文发表。版权归期刊出版商所有，寻求了解结果的研究人员必须订阅该期刊。

不再。互联网以及来自资助机构的压力正在使获取科学成果成为现实，资助机构质疑商业出版商为何通过限制访问来从政府资助的研究中赚钱。经济合作与发展组织（OECD）刚刚发布了一份报告，描述了这一现象的深远影响。这份由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰·霍顿和经合组织的格雷厄姆·维克里撰写的报告对于迄今为止已经赚取了可观利润的出版商来说值得一读。但它的意义远不止于此。它标志着迄今为止科学努力的关键要素发生了变化。

知识的价值和公共研究投资的回报部分取决于广泛的传播和方便的获取。这是一笔大生意。在美国，核心科学出版市场估计在70 亿至110 亿美元之间。国际科学、技术和医学出版商协会表示，全球有超过2,000 家出版商专门从事这些主题。他们每年在约16, 000 种期刊上发表超过120 万篇文章。

现在这种情况正在改变。根据OECD 的报告，大约75% 的学术期刊现在都是在线的。整体

y new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers. 26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses [A] the background information of journal editing. [B] the publication routine of laboratory reports. [C] the relations of authors with journal publishers. [D] the traditional process of journal publication. 27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report [A] It criticizes government-funded research. [B] It introduces an effective means of publication. [C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers. [D] It benefits scientific research considerably. 28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that [A] it provides an easier access to scientific results. [B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers. [C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge. [D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research. 29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to [A] cover the cost of its publication. [B] subscribe to the journal publishing it. [C] allow other online journals to use it freely. [D] complete the peer-review before submission. 30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text [A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers. [B] A new mode of publication is emerging. [C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication. [D] Publication is rendered easier by online service. 【译文】 Scientific Publishing—The Paperless Library（编者加） 科学出版——无纸图书馆 它曾如此简单、直接。实验室中的研究组将他们的研究结果呈递给一份专业刊物。此刊物的编辑隐去论文作者的名字和所属机构，然后送交同行专家评议，并根据得到的评价决定是否刊登这篇论文。论文的版权归刊物出版商，其他想了解该研究结果的研究者只能订阅此刊物。 但这种行为将成为历史了。许多基金会质问，为何商业刊物可以通过限制科研成果的使用来从政府资助的研究项目中获利。这种压力，加上互联网，使得方便获取科研成果变为现实。经济合作与发展组织最近发表报告评论了此举的深远影响。这篇由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰·豪顿和经合组织的格莱汉姆·维克利共同撰写的报告让那些迄今为止获取了巨大利润的出版商读起来心情沉重。但它的意义并不仅止于此，它还表明目前科学研究中一个关键要素发生了改变。 知识的价值和公共科研投资的回报在某种程度上取决于广泛的传播和方便的获取。这是一个大产业。据估算，美国科研核心刊物出版市场的价值大约在70亿到110亿美元之间。国际科技与医学出版商协会称，目前全球有超过2,000家的出版公司从事此领域的出版，它们每年在近16,000种刊物中刊登超过120万篇文章。 这一切正在改变，根据经合组织的报告，目前已有75%的学术刊物可以在线阅读。全新的出版模式正在形成。报告作者提到了三种主要的模式。第一种是所谓的“一揽子捆绑销售，”机构订户通过许可协议付费阅读一系列电子期刊。第二种是开放存取式出版，主要依靠作者或其雇主支付论文出版费用。第三种是开放存取式归档，即由大学或国际实验室这样的组织支持机构存储库（典藏）。还有一些模式是这三种的混合，如延迟开放存取，即一些刊物前六个月只允许付费订阅者阅读论文，随后才免费提供给所有想阅读的人。这一切都将改变传统的同行评议程序，至少对于论文出版是如此。 Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames. The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go, ” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world. Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5′9″ for men, 5′4″ for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960. Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the inpidual organism, ” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University. Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today’s data and feel fairly confident.” 31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to [A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players. [B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.. [C] compare different generations of NBA players. [D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players. 32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text [A] Genetic modification. [B] Natural environment. [C] Living standards. [D] Daily exercise. 33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree [A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation. [B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture. [C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world. [D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood. 34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future [A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size. [B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged. [C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen. [D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable. 35. The text intends to tell us that [A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern. [B] human height is becoming even more predictable. [C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit. [D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered. 【译文】 Napoleon’s Revenge—In the U.S., Heights Hits its Head on the Genetic Ceiling（编者加） 拿破仑的复仇——美国人已经达到了基因决定的身高极限 20世纪60年代初，威尔特·张伯伦是仅有的三名身高超过7英尺的全美篮球协会（NBA）球员之一，但是如果上个赛季他还在打球的话，他就成了42名这样的球员中之一了。过去数年，参加主要职业运动的运动员身材发生了显著的变化，俱乐部的经理们很乐意更改队服使其适应越来越多身材高大的运动员。 然而，体育运动的这种趋势可能掩盖了一个还未被认知的事实：美国人的身高总体上已经停止增长。尽管一般来说，现在美国人的身高比140年前高了约两英寸，但现在的人们，尤其是那些几代都在美国生活的家庭中出生的人，其身高在20世纪60年代初明显已达到了极限。他们不会再长得更高了。莱特州立大学的人类学家威廉·卡梅隆·查姆利称：“当今，就总人口而言，在现有环境和基因水平下，我们已经达到了身高的极限。”至于NBA球员，他们身高的增长似乎是从世界各国吸收球员这种日益普遍的做法的结果。 20岁后人很难继续长高，长高需要热量和营养，特别是蛋白质，以满足身体组织生长的需求。20世纪初，营养不足和儿童传染病阻碍了身高的增长，但随着饮食和健康状况的改善，儿童和青少年的身高平均每20年增长约1.5英寸，这就是被称之为身高增长长期趋势的模式。然而根据疾病控制与预防中心的数据，人的平均身高（男性5英尺9英寸，女性5英尺4英寸），从1960年以来并没有改变过。 从遗传角度来讲，避免身材过高是有好处的。分娩过程中，较大的婴儿更难通过产道。此外，尽管我们人类已经直立行走了几百万年，但两足和背部仍继续同两足行走的姿势相抗衡，难以承受因肢体过长不断造成的压力。西北大学人类学家威廉·伦纳德称：“对身高的一些真正的限制是由个体有机体的遗传结构所决定的。” 遗传身高最大值可能会改变，但别指望它很快就会出现。马萨诸塞州内蒂克陆军研究中心的资深人类学家克莱尔·戈登作保，90%的制服和工作间适合新兵使用，不需要改动。她说，不像篮球运动员的队服，军服尺寸一段时间以来都没有改动。如果你需要预测不久将来的人的身高以便设计一种装备，戈登表示基本上“你就可以使用当前的数据，并感到相当自信。” Text 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves. That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it. More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create. For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account, ” says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution, ” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states. Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia. 36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to [A] show the primitive medical practice in the past. [B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days. [C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history. [D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life. 37. We may infer from the second paragraph that [A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research. [B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations. [C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life. [D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history. 38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson [A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery. [B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves. [C] His attitude towards slavery was complex. [D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige. 39. Which of the following is true according to the text [A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery. [B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote. [C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts. [D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution. 40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his [A] moral considerations. [B] military experience. [C] financial conditions. [D] political stand. 【译文】 The Sorry Legacy of the Founders（编者加） 开国元勋们令人遗憾的遗产 1784年，在他成为美国总统的五年前，52岁的乔治·华盛顿牙齿几乎掉光了。于是他雇了一名牙医，往他的口腔里植入了九颗牙——是从他的奴隶口中拔出来的。 这与大多数人所记住的历史书中华盛顿砍倒樱桃树的形象截然不同。但是最近，很多历史学家开始关注奴隶制在开国元勋们的生活中所扮演的角色。他们的兴趣部分源自1998年的DNA证据，它几乎肯定地证明了托马斯·杰斐逊曾与其奴隶萨利·赫明斯育有至少一个孩子。然而学者从过去三十年间才开始自下而上地研究历史。几位历史学家的著作揭示了这些国家早期领导人的道德妥协以及新生国家的脆弱性。更意味深长的是，他们认为许多开国元勋明知奴隶制错误，却很少有人试图推翻它。 历史学家认为，最重要的原因是开国元勋们受到当时社会文化的制约。尽管华盛顿和杰斐逊私下里都表达了对奴隶制的反对，但是他们也知道奴隶制是他们努力创建的国家的政治与经济基石的一部分。 一方面，南方不能没有奴隶。《不完美的上帝：乔治·华盛顿，他的奴隶和美利坚的建立》一书的作者温瑟柯称，拥有奴隶就“如同拥有一笔巨额存款”。如果没有对这种“奇特的制度”的保护性条款（其中一项规定黑奴按3/5人口计算以保证国会代表权），南方各州是不会签署宪法的。 这些政治家们的政治前途也取决于奴隶制。3/5规定增加了选举人团制度中南方州的选票数，使杰斐逊在1800年大选中以微弱的优势获胜。他在任总统期间通过1803年的“路易斯安娜购地”扩大了奴隶制，这片新国土被划分成13个州，其中3个实行奴隶制。 但是，杰斐逊给了赫明斯的孩子自由——虽然没有给她本人和其他近150名奴隶自由。目睹了解放战争中黑人士兵的勇敢后，华盛顿开始相信人人生而平等，他不顾亲戚的强烈反对，在遗嘱中赋予了他的奴隶自由。而仅仅在那之前十年的弗吉尼亚州，这种行为的实施还要得到立法机关的批准。 Part BDirections: In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41) Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors. (43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions. Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times— and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape. [A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper. [B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression. [C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems. [D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made. [E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P “policy” he enforces. [F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P”, the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies. [G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around. 【译文】 How to Write the First Draft（编者加） 停止做那些类似于削铅笔、整理书桌之类无关写作的事吧。不要去回避这些无法避免的事，也无所谓是坐着、站着、还是躺着写，只有这样，初稿才能跃然纸上。[D]如何写并不重要，只要你去写就好。既然你已经把一个话题阐明为论文的初稿，那就可以整理你的要点，并开始对你已经拟好的无论什么样的提纲进行扩充了。 要灵活。你的提纲应当指引你从一个点流畅地过渡到下一个点，但是不要让其束缚了你。如果现在你突然想到一个相关并且重要的观点，那就将其写进初稿。[G]将初稿当做思考自己想表达内容的方式，很可能会发现比你最初记下的更多的要点。很多优秀作家根本不列提纲，而是边写边发现写作规律。不要试图让第一稿就完美无误。语法、标点和拼写等问题可以留待修改时再考虑，把注意力放在你要表达的内容上。当你热情地表述观点而不是紧张地纠正错误时，才能写出优秀的文章。 [A]为了便于修改，要把边距和行距留得大一些，这样可以很轻松地添加词、句以及修改意见。并且只在纸的一面写字。这样会方便你整理每页的内容，而且当你需要把某一段剪下贴到别处时，也不会损失背面的内容。 如果使用文字处理软件，你可以利用它的功能，只要操作几个简单的键盘指令，就可以添加、删改内容或者移动整段话。有一些软件还可以检查出你文章中的拼写和某些语法错误。[C]然而，你要记住，尽管一份刚打印出的稿子看起来很完美，但文章的可读性只取决于在思考和写作过程中的投入的努力。很多作家在写完每一稿后，都谨慎地将文件保存在磁盘中，并且打印一份，以防停电或其他电脑问题使得文件遗失。再进行修改时，这些打印稿比屏幕上的内容更利于阅读。 一旦你完成了初稿，就可以删除与论题不相关的材料，添加需要的材料，以更好地阐明观点并使文章更具有说服力。一名学生在写作关于A&P的论文时就很明智地删除了一个怀疑萨米有大男子主义倾向的段落。[E]尽管这是一个有意思的话题，但它与论文主题——解释环境如何影响萨米做出辞职的决定——并无关系。于是她并未用上这一段，而是添加了一个描写兰格尔对女孩态度急躁的段落，这样她就可以引出“兰格尔推行的A&P政策”这一内容了。 记住你的初稿就是这样了，你还要反复阅读——然后再次阅读——努力阐明并论证自己的观点。你最后甚至会得到几个不同的论文版本。重新写。每一段话中的句子都要围绕主题。连词应该使段与段之间过渡自然，不要出现唐突或者令人困惑的转折。不当或啰嗦的措辞和表义不明的句子或段落要毫不留情地挑出并进行删改，以适合需要。 干扰项： [B]当你已经清晰地、充分地展开文章主题部分后，应特别注意开头和结尾段落。开始的引言部分放到最后写或许会更好，因为你已经很它到底要包括什么。结尾段落同样需要注意，因为它将给读者留下最后的印象。 [F]在最后一段关于讲述A&P环境的重要性时，这个学生提到萨米拒绝接受兰格尔的经营方针一事，引出了他辞职的原因。 Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.” Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. 【译文】 Charles Darwin: His Place in Modern Science（编者加） 查理斯·达尔文在现代科学中的地位 达尔文在自传中极其谦虚地谈到了自己的智力。他指出自己总是难以简洁明晰地表达自己的思想。但是(46)达尔文认为或许正是因为语言表达上的这种困难，促使他对每句话进行长久认真的思考，从而发现自己在观察和推理中的错误，这反而使他具有了别人所不具备的优势。他也不认为自己具有像著名的赫黎胥一样敏锐的理解力和智慧。(47)达尔文还声称，自己长时间进行纯抽象性思考的能力十分有限，因此他认为自己在数学方面根本不可能成功。他也描述自己的记忆是博而不精。从某种意义上说，他的记忆力实在太差，导致他对一个日期或一行诗句的记忆从来不会超过若干天。(48)另一方面，某些人批评他虽然善于观察，但不具备推理能力，而他认为这种指责是没有根据的。他认为，这不可能是事实，因为《物种起源》从头至尾是一个篇幅很长的辩论，而它成功地说服了很多有能力的人。他认为能写出这样一本书的人必定具备了某种推理能力。他很乐意地宣称：“如同成功的律师或医生一样，我有自己应有的创造力、常识和判断力，但并不比他们更好。”(49)达尔文谦虚地补充道，他“在注意到极易被忽略的事物并对其仔细观察方面，或许优于常人”。 在生命中的最后一年，达尔文在写作中表达了这样一种观点：在过去的二三十年里，他的思想已经在两至三个方面发生了变化。到他三十岁或更晚些的时候，各种诗歌带给他很大的乐趣。在那之前，音乐和绘画也曾带给他巨大的愉悦。然而，他在1881年说：“我已经很多年读不了一句诗歌了。我还几乎失去了对绘画和音乐的爱好。”(50)达尔文确信，失去了这些爱好，丧失的不仅仅是一种乐趣，可能还会损害到人的智力，更可能损坏人的道德品质。 Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions: You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to 1) make an apology, and 2) suggest a solution. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points) Part B52. Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) give your comments. You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)